Agra Investment：The Forensic Disciplines： Some Areas of Actual or Potential Application

Of course, historically there was interest in ascertaining paternity even before medical knowledge and technology would enable such checks credibly. For example, discussing early modern English midwifery books, Mary Fissell remarks (2003, pAgra Investment. 65): “Midwifery books of the 1670s and 1680s were obsessed by the issues of fatherhood. How could you know the father of a child? In certain circumstances, such as illegitimate births, knowing the father had long been important. These texts devoted much more attention to resemblance between parents and their children than did previous midwifery texts. This crisis in paternity had multiple rootsPune Investment. There was no sudden increase in illegitimate births that might have prompted such an interestNagpur Investment. Some of the crisis may be due to longer-term intellectual changes that gradually made similitude a happenstance rather than an indicator of profound connection. No longer did resemblance mean something important about relatedness.” Fissell further explains (ibid., pp. 65–66): “The crisis can also be understood in political terms. In [the] 1670s and 1680s, the question of monarchical succession – the transmission from one generation to another – became ever more pressing. Charles II did not have any legitimate sons, and his brother James’s Catholicism made him a highly problematic successor. The duke of Monmouth’s rebellion (the duke being the king’s illegitimate son), the Rye House Plot, the Popish Plot [i.e., a libel against Catholics leading to executions] – all kept political instability at the forefront of popular awarenessHyderabad Investment. The high politics of legitimate succession moved right into the birthing room in the Warming Pan Baby scandal, which erupted when James II’s wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth a male heir – or did she? She had had eight previous pregnancies, all stillbirths or very short-lived infants. This baby was full-term and healthy, and some observers claimed it was a fraud. They suggested that a healthy baby had been smuggled into the birthing room, concealed in a warming pan, and substituted for Mary’s sickly or stillborn babe.”

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